Chemical pollution, i.e. the release of anthropogenic chemical substances into the environment, is a driver of biodiversity loss. Although this issue has been widely investigated in high-income countries of temperate regions, there is a lack of data for tropical areas of middle- or low-income countries, such as those in Eastern Africa. Some of the world's richest biomes that are affected by multiple pressures, including chemical pollution, are hosted in this macro-region. However, few studies have addressed the impact of the release of anthropogenic chemical pollutants on the biodiversity, and the related potential implications for the deterioration of ecosystem goods and services in this area. A contribution in systemising the scientific literature related to this topic is, therefore, urgently needed. We reviewed studies published from 2001 to 2021, focusing on the chemical pollution impact on Eastern African wildlife. Despite an extensive literature search, we found only 43 papers according to our survey methods. We focused on wildlife inhabiting terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters. According to our search, Kenya and Uganda are the most represented countries accounting for about half of the total number of reviewed articles. Moreover, 67.4% of the studies focus on inland waters. The spread of anthropogenic chemicals into tropical areas, e.g. Eastern Africa, and their effects on living organisms deserve greater attention in research and politics. We report a weak increasing trend in publishing studies addressing this topic that might bode well. The combined effort of science and governments is crucial in improving the management of chemical pollutants in the environment for achieving the goals of biodiversity conservation.SIGNIFICANCE: • Chemical pollution represents an underestimated risk for the health of tropical ecosystems in middle- and low-income countries, such as those of Eastern Africa. • There is a lack of data on chemical pollution effects on wildlife of Eastern African biomes. • The anthropogenic release of chemical substances affects the health of biodiversity and humans, negatively influences ecosystem services in Eastern Africa, and makes conservation and protection measures less effective. • There is an urgent need for improving research on chemical pollution effects and promoting a sustainable use of natural resources in Eastern Africa along with better management of farming and mining activities.

At the moment, the health-environmental risk analysis is used to decision-making targets in the contaminated sites management; this procedure allows to assess the quantitative health risk related to the pollutants presence in environmental compartments, as soil and waters. As regards potentially contaminated agricultural soils, the ingestion of food from vegetable and/or animal source, produced inside the contaminated area, is the most suitable way to assess the health risk. As an official procedure to this assessment is not available, the National Institute for Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) has worked out an operating procedure, organized into several phases, depending on the available specific-site know-how. In this document, agricultural soils potentially contaminated in two sites have been studied; the sites are the following: Brescia Caffaro and Torviscosa.

Attualmente, l'analisi di rischio sanitario-ambientale è lo strumento utilizzato, per fini decisionali, nella gestione dei siti contaminati; essa permette di valutare quantitativamente i rischi per la salute umana connessi alla presenza di inquinanti nei diversi comparti ambientali, quali suolo e acque. Per i suoli agricoli potenzialmente contaminati, si ritiene che il mezzo più idoneo per la valutazione del rischio sanitario sia la stima dei consumi di alimenti, di origine vegetale e/o animale, prodotti all'interno dell'area contaminata. Non esistendo, al momento, una procedura ufficiale di valutazione, l'Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) ha messo a punto un protocollo operativo, strutturato in diverse fasi, secondo le informazioni sito-specifiche disponibili. In questo articolo, sono stati studiati suoli agricoli potenzialmente contaminati situati in due diverse aree: Brescia Caffaro e Torviscosa.